SR formulations are designed to release the drug gradually over an extended period, making their performance highly dependent on variable GI conditions such as pH, motility, and enzymes. Therefore, a single dissolution test is insufficient. 1. MMD Testing SR formulations must release consistently across the GI tract. Dissolution is evaluated at pH 1.2 (stomach), pH…
While dissolution testing is a primary tool for predicting bioequivalence, several other in vitro methods contribute critical insights, especially for BCS Class II/IV drugs or complex formulations. Below is a list 1. Solubility Studies 2. Permeability Assays 3. Precipitation Kinetics and Supersaturation Studies 4. Dynamic Gastrointestinal Simulation Models 5. In Vitro Lipolysis 6. IVIVC 7….
A Frequently Overlooked Yet Crucial Step in Generic Drug Development. When a formulation is finalized and development stability data is already generated, teams often wonder: Q: âIf we manufacture a fresh batch for the pivotal bioequivalence (BE) study, do we need to place it on stability again?â Answer: YES. Absolutely. Even if: The pivotal BE…
Viscosity plays a particularly critical roleâespecially when the goal is to demonstrate bioequivalence (BE) with a Reference Listed Drug Key functions of viscosity in suspensions: Bioequivalence Considerations BE studies are conducted to ensure that the rate and extent of drug absorption from a generic product are comparable to that of the RLD. For BCS Class…
In the development of generic oral solid dosage forms, wet granulation remains the method of choiceâparticularly for formulations involving low-dose actives or APIs with poor flow properties. However, the effectiveness of this method largely depends on how excipients are selected and utilized during the formulation process. Drawing insights from the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Generic Development,…
Direct Compression (DC) is one of the most efficient and widely adopted methods in tablet manufacturing due to its simplicity and minimal processing steps. However, its success relies heavily on a deep understanding of excipient functionality, powder flow properties, and blend uniformity. Step-by-Step DC Manufacturing Process 1. Excipient and API Selection 2. Initial Blending 3….
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