In formulation development, diluents (or fillers) are often seen as passive ingredients, just there to add bulk, improve compressibility, or adjust dose uniformity. But what if I told you they play critical hidden roles that can make or break a formulation? Here’s a look at some surprising functionalities beyond their textbook definitions: Lactose isn’t just…
Clinical pharmacy is a specialized branch of pharmacy that focuses on patient care and the optimization of medication therapy. It involves working directly with patients and healthcare providers to ensure safe, effective, and appropriate use of medications. Within clinical pharmacy, there are several sub-branches or areas of specialization. Here are the key branches of clinical…
Extended-release injectable formulations are designed to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at a controlled rate over an extended period, from several hours to weeks. The primary goal of these formulations is to reduce the frequency of administration, minimize drug fluctuations, and maintain therapeutic drug levels, improving patient adherence and clinical efficacy. The development of…
The formulation of biologics presents unique challenges due to their structural complexity and sensitivity to environmental conditions. This review explores critical aspects of biologic formulation, including stability considerations, excipient selection, and delivery systems. Additionally, biopharmaceutical factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of biologics are discussed. Recent advancements in formulation strategies, including novel…
Oral drug delivery remains the most convenient and preferred route of administration. However, conventional oral dosage forms often face challenges such as fluctuating drug plasma levels and poor patient compliance. Extended-release formulations, particularly osmotic pump systems, have been developed to overcome these limitations by providing a consistent and controlled release of the drug. Osmotic pump…
Tablet dissolution is a critical process in pharmaceutical sciences, influencing drug bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. This review explores the principles of tablet dissolution, detailing the key stages from administration to absorption. It also discusses factors affecting dissolution, analytical methods, regulatory considerations, and emerging technologies shaping the future of drug release and bioavailability enhancement. Oral solid…
